Urea and ammonium nitrate labeled with ¹⁵ N isotope (10% from total nitrogen content of the fertilizers being covered by ¹⁵ N isotope) were incorporated in soil. In the same time, the effect of foliar fertilization on increasing the efficiency of nitrogen use by biostimulating the plant up-take was highlighted. The aim of the study was to assess the absorbtion degree of different nitrogen forms (ammonium, nitric, amidic) from soil into the plant by using nuclear techniques and ¹⁵ N isotope as a tracer. Throughout the experimental period, under heat stress, no mortalities were recorded.The inclusion of 1% willow bark extract in broiler diets (14-28 days) reared under heat stress reduced the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and stimulated the growth of favourable bacteria such as lactobacilli in the gut. Compared to group C, the pathogenic bacteria, Enterobacteriacee and Escherichia coli (colony forming units), were significantly (P≤0.05) lower in the caecum content, while the units of lactobacilli were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in group E.

At the age of 28 days, 5 broilers/group were slaughtered and samples of caecal content were collected for bacteriological examination. Unlike the diet of C group, the diet of experimental group (E) had 1% willow bark extract (Salix alba). The conventional diet (C), with corn and soybean meal as basic ingredients, had 3082.48 kcal/kg metabolisable energy and 19.99% crude protein. This tendency has been continued in the operation of the Open Method of Coordination and the proposals regarding subsidiarity in the European Convention.A feeding trial was performed on 60, Cobb 500 broiler chicks (14-28 days) assigned to 2 groups (C, E) housed in an experimental hall with 32˚C air temperature, 36% humidity and 23 h light regimen.

Although the effect of subsidiarity varies with the different natures of European policy arenas, the principle has tended to strengthen the position of the national governments of the Member States. This concept of European policy-making differs from the approaches currently dominating the field: intergovernmentalism and multi-level governance. This specific nature of the European polity requires us to analyze policy-making in terms of different policy arenas which are sometimes inter-state in nature and sometimes more ‘regular’. This is related to the fact that the European Union is at the same time characterized by inter-state relations and relations typical of a ‘regular’ political system. The impact of subsidiarity varies across time and across issue area. This article traces its development over the past 15 years and attempts to assess the effect of the subsidiarity principle on European governance. Subsidiarity has been introduced at the 1991 Maastricht conference as a principle of European governance.

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